abstracts for
3 Victoria Sewage

Shoreline coliform levels were high in Brentwood Bay but declined north of the ferry dock, and offshore beyond Daphne Island. An abnormally diverse algal shoreline growth, including many small filamentous forms, was present on the rock face to the west of the powerhouse, and to a lesser extent on the rock outcrop just south of the ferry dock. Sampling to determine shoreline and bay nutrient and dissolved oxygen levels has been undertaken, but results of laboratory analyses are not yet available. Unusually large numbers of scyphozoa (jellyfish) occur in Brentwood Bay and contribute to the oceanographic uniqueness of Saanich Inlet. Specimens have been taken for identification, and a preliminary assessment made of local distribution, i.e. the stock is concentrated in Tod Inlet and along the south shore of the bay.

A combination of continued coliform tests (alternate months), water quality tests (three monthly), shoreline algal surveys (annually) and scyphozoa counts (during all sampling periods) through 1972 appears sufficient to document the expected environmental improvement following implementation of the new sewage disposal system for the area.

Total coliform levels in winter (January 19, 1972) were high at most of the stations sampled in Brentwood Bay. These were reduced to very low values in spring (May 9). Nutrient levels were slightly higher in February, 1972, than in November, 1971, and agreed well with data from other sampling programmes. Density stratification of the water in Brentwood Bay occurred throughout the winter, and was enhanced in spring. This is an unusual condition for the Victoria area, and will tend to retain dispersed sewage near the surface in the bay. The surface chlorophyll level was higher in Brentwood Day than in Saanich Inlet: the Saanich Inlet data were comparable with data from other sampling programmes. The higher chlorophyll levels within the bay could result from nutrient enrichment by sewage components.

Data for Brentwood Bay collected from November, 1971, to May, 1972, provide information on existing levels of specific sewage indices. Examination of these indices in the Bay following implementation of the new sewage disposal system should demonstrate effects of the change.

The meiofauna population in Patricia Bay was sampled in October and January at a depth of 25 m. Samples were extracted using a modified Boisseau elutriation apparatus which operated with 96 to 100% efficiency. Nematodes dominated the population numerically, representing 92 to 96% of the total meiofauna. Total meiofauna and nematode numerical abundances showed no differences between the two sampling times. The total numer of individuals was found to be higher than for similar previously studied areas. Factors which could affect these results are discussed.

A monitoring program has been developed for the Island View Beach outfall. The program consists of four tests:

1. Monthly shoreline coliform sampling at three stations within a half mile of the outfall.
2. Twice yearly sampling of edible crabs and clams for coliform determinations.
3. A monthly survey of chlorophyll levels during the first full summer of continuous discharge.
4. Twice yearly sampling of edible crabs and clams for pesticide levels.

Island View Beach, Saanichton Bay and Ferguson Cove showed internittent high coliform values on shore. At the outfall site on December 7, 1971 the sea-bed to 40 ft. depth was almost devoid of the larger living organisms including edible shellfish. The extent of these two effects needs documentation prior to commencement of discharge from the new sewage system, lest they are ascribed to the marine outfall.

Data has been obtained to date during the biologically inactive winter period on shoreline and surface total and fecal coliforms; water nutrients, salinities, temperatures, and visual appearance; shorline algae and shellfish; subtidal shellfish; and chlorophyll biomass. These data are the first of a series of repeat samplings which will establish levels for indices capable of detecting sewage-derived short-term and long-term effects on the ecosystem.

Review of data from Saanichton Bay indicates that potential environmental liabilities from the proposed marina development can be reduced by appropriate restraints and good engineering. Additionally, provision of alternative habitat has the potential to replace any residual biological losses, and could even increase the value of the resource to the Indian community.

Environmental conditions at Westport Marina are such that on the days of the surveys at the innermost floats there was some, visually noticeable, elevation in water turbidity and a surface particulate film. Grease and oil levels, and coliform bacteria levels, were tested and were found low. There has been some impact of the marina on the life-support quality of the sea-water in that algae and other organisms on the innermost floats are less diverse than on floats in the access channel. These conditions are not unusual in marinas, can be expected to apply to the new section to be dredged, and should be acceptable.

Any proposal for future extension of marinas into the mud flats of the area should be based on social and environmental impact assessments. The latter should utilise sensitive testing for hydrocarbons and heavy metals as low levels of these components of marina wastes could have long term impact on the mud flats as waterfowl and juvenile fish habitat.

The report shows that subject to the approval of the appropriate authorities, which it is felt can reasonably be anticipated, a sanitary sewerage system could be provided for the joint use of Saanich School Board No. 63 and Dean Park Estates Ltd. The system would have to involve the incorporation of a secondary sewage treatment plant and treated effluent would be discharged into a marine outfall located off the eastern end of Bazan Bay Road.

The treatment and disposal facilities would be regarded as an interim solution pending the construction of a Regional Trunk sewer system from the Ocean Avenue outfall at Sidney, which is unlikely to be available in the Bazan Bay Road area for about ten years.

The total estimated cost of the proposals is $115,000 towards which a Federal Government (CMHC) grant of $19,000 might be expected and $37,500 would be contributed by Saanich School Board No. 63, and $58,500 by Dean Park Estates Ltd.

The facilities would become the property of the District of North Saanich and the Council would be responsible for maintenance and operation.

Since the disposal of sewage is a function of the Regional District of the Capital of British Columbia, the District of North Saanich would have to make application to the Regional Board seeking approval before proceeding with this proposal.

It was earlier established that the treatment plant should be located on the East Saanich Indian Reserve facing Cordova Channel and that it should employ biological treatment and be sized for 3000 equivalent population.

In this memorandum it is determined that the most suitable type of plant is a prefabricated steel type treatment structure, employing the contact stabilization process, with future expansion being carried out in concrete.

The layout proposed requires 1.6 acres of land initially; 5.4 acres later, including a screen zone, together with an access road. The plant is sited so as to take advantage of the existing trees for screening and not to interfere with the use of the beach area. No land allowance for sludge disposal is included as sludge would be hauled away in liquid form if disposal through the outfall is not permitted.

1. This memorandum sets out the basis of design for a complete trunk sewerage system for Central Saanich that revises Plan A contained in GVSS for Area 5.
2. Sewerage facilities to be provided under the new Plan (Plan C) are for a portion of Central Saanich totalling about 2100 acres; the design allows for a population of 22,000 for the year 2015, with allowance for industrial and commercial use.
3. The average population density adopted is 12 ppa; design flows are calculated on CVSS design criteria.
4. The areas to be sewered initially are Brentwood, Saanichton and Turgoose Point, with facilities for Keating Ridge later.
5. All sewage from Brentwood must be pumped over the height of land. Turgoose Point is low lying and sewage from there must be pumped into the trunk sewer. Sewage from Keating Ridge flows by gravity to the trunk sewer.
6. A tentative agreement for the use of land for sewer easement and treatment plant in the Tsawout Indian Reserve must be confirmed.
7. The facilities to be constructed initially are to be the minimum required with provision made for increasing the capacity of the system by duplication or extension as necessary.
8. The estimated peak flow for 1981 is estimated at 1.7 cfs, rising to 4.6 cfs in 1991.
9. The Brentwood sub-area is divided into three pumping zones; the design of lateral sewers and future subdivisions should conform to these zones to avoid unnecessary repumping.
10. The pumping stations are to be underground structures located on the road allowance as far as possible; for aesthetic reasons the kiosks for electrical equipment will be the only above ground parts of the structures. They will all be prefabricated except possibly the two largest ones.
11. Allowance will be made for supplying emergency power at each pumping station at some time in the future, in case of BC Hydro power failure.
12. An alarm system will incorporate local alarm lights at each pumping station, with provision being made for future telemetering to a central point.
13. The initial outfall will have a capacity estimated to be sufficient for 20 years, after which it will require duplication.
14. The treatment plant, employing biological treatment, should be adequate until the year 1978, with provision made for easy expansion.

The analysis of the study data resulted in the following conclusions and observations which suggest that there are significant sources of fecal coliforms along the shoreline in the study area along the East Coast of Saanich Peninsula;

1. The expected decrease in fecal coliform concentrations with increasing offshore and onshore distance from the source is evident at the Central Saanich and Bazan Bay outfalls. However, the fecal coliform concentrations at the Sidney outfall increase towards the shoreline.
2. The principal direction of coliform dispersion is parallel to the shoreline. This coincides with tidal current directions and suggests that the tide is the principal means of coliform dispersion at the Sidney and Central Saanich outfalls.
3. The occurrence of rainfall events correlate with a significant increase in fecal coliform concentrations along the shoreline, while the offshore stations exhibited a marginal increase.
4. There are known fecal shoreline sources (e.g. Raey Creek and a broken bypass pipe) which were discharging during the study.

Because the programme design did not provide for determining the source (or sources) of the coliforms observed, the findings and conclusions represent the best interpretation of the data available.

Although not strictly supported by the conclusions and the study data, when the above observations are taken into consideration the logical conclusion is that shoreline sources are contributing to the shoreline fecal coliform concentrations.

In order to account for the suspected shoreline sources it is recommended that an investigation be undertaken to identify and quantify shoreline sources in the area.

The relationships between observed shoreline fecal coliform concentrations and physical variables used in the Pomeroy equation may not apply to all outfalls. A regression analysis of data collected by the Capital Regional District at the Central Saanich outfall resulted in considerably different relationships than those used in the Pomeroy equation. The relationships established from the field data resulted in the prediction of considerably lower shoreline fecal coliform concentrations under future flow conditions than predicted by using the relationships given by the Pomeroy equation.

The Pomeroy equation does not incorporate environmental variables which have been shown to affect coliform mortality. Data collected from a monitoring program incorporating both physical and environmental variables could be used to establish a relationship specific to each outfall which would result in a more accurate performance evaluation than by other methods currently available. It is likely that a performance equation developed for a specific outfall would be less conservative than equations similar to the Pomeroy formula. If the developed formula predicts that a particular shoreline standard can be met under future flow conditions without further modifications to the outfall, then a saving in capital expenditures could be realized.

A decision upon modifying either the Sidney, Bazan Bay, or Central Saanich outfalls, or applying disinfection at the treatment plants, should be held off until further monitoring can be completed at the outfalls and a performance equation developed. Allowances for future installation of disinfection equipment in treatment plant expansions should be made pending more conclusive information.

The Capital Regional District of British Columbia, Canada, is implementing for the Greater Victoria area, a major sewerage plan based mainly on marine discharge by submerged outfalls. To assess effects on the receiving ecosystem, a thirty month monitoring program has been carried out at the site of a newly constructed 6000 foot marine outfall. Of the standard water quality parameters, several were established during the pre-discharge period as "gross sewage field indicators" at beach outfalls: nitrite, phosphate, total and fecal coliform bacteria, Secchi depths, Forel colour and salinity. The remaining parameters were not sensitive to the presence of effluent: temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll. In the water surrounding the diffuser of the extended outfall, only total coliform values showed the presence of effluent once discharge was diverted from the beach outfall. Profiling techniques were employed for measuring chlorophyll, turbidity and Rhodamine dye. A method was developed for mapping coliform bacteria in the sediment surrounding the diffuser, as an index of the ability of the receiving water to assimilate effluent loads being discharged into it. It is stressed that monitoring programs should be included in plans for any major coastal operation.

In April, 1990, the bottom-dwelling flat fish, English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata), were collected from areas located near the vicinity of two sewage outfalls, Macaulay Point and Ganges Harbour, in order to conduct a preliminary investigation on the possible frequency of idiopathic liver lesions. Results revealed isolated cases of melanomacrophage aggregates, nonfocal hepatocellular vacuolation, hydropic vacuolation and hepatocellular hemosiderosis, along with infections by both Myxidium sp. and helminths in the livers of fish collected from the sewage outfall areas. Only parasitic infections were noted in fish collected from the reference site, Captain Passage (an area remote from obvious pollutant sources). Due to the sampling scheme, conclusions on whether or not any long term sublethal effects from exposure to sewage outfalls were occurring cannot be made at this time. Recommendations for future histopathological investigations which may assist in either proving or disproving if a biological effect in wild fish does exist due to chemical exposure from sewage outfalls are discussed.

It is recommended that a monitoring programme be implemented at Clover Point to assess environmental impact arising from adding the discharge of the East Coast Trunk Interceptor, i.e. approximately doubling flows discharged to the sea. The following components should be included:

1. Shoreline measures of coliform bacteria and litter related to distance from Clover Point to establish that shoreline public health standards are not infringed.
2. Offshore measures at the discharge point of surface and subsurface water quality to determine how the sewage plume disperses, dilutes and assimilates; the oceanographic conditions under which the sewage surfaces; and the effects of any wind-driven shoreward drift.
3. Seabed measures of growth and eventual equilibrium extent of a sludge bed around the outfall.
4. A Priority Pollutants Analysis of the effluent and sludge bed to determine whether any contaminants are in sufficient concentration to require control action, by e.g. use of CRD influent controls.
5. A review of impact at the adjacent Macaulay Point outfall be combined with this programme to determine if the two outfalls are interacting to produce greater than expected environmental impact.

The programme should be designed in detail as soon as possible, and implemented a minimum of 18 months prior to operation of the Interceptor. The programme should be continued until the pattern of impact has been established, which is expected to be approximately 2 years after operation has started.

In order to reduce health risks and environmental impact of marine outfalls and overflows for untreated wastewater located on the south eastern coast of Greater Victoria, the Capital Regional District has proposed diversion of untreated sewage to a pre-existing submarine outfall at Clover Point, which discharges into well flushed waters at a distance of approximately one kilometer from shore and a depth of 67 m. Recommendations are provided for a formal Environmental Impact Assessment of recovery at previously impacted discharges and of potential effects due to an increase in maximum discharge at Clover Point from 27,000 to 52,000 m3/day.

Recommendations include regular routine effluent characterization at Clover Point with respect to toxicity, coliform bacteria levels, and particularly contaminating pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and organic compounds. Dispersal of the effluent plume should be measured at the surface and at depth, as well as dispersal of a sludge blanket. It is imperative that concentration and dispersal in sediments of contaminants and coliform bacteria be monitored. A third component of the E.I.A. should include both operational short and long term monitoring to detect both acute and chronic effects on a wide range of biota. This can largely be accomplished by community studies and use of sentinel organisms, respectively, over more than one range of potentially impacted habitat (e.g. subtidal, soft sediment and rocky subtidal or intertidal).

Although costly, measures which attempt to assess insidious long-term (and possibly cumulative) effects on the receiving environment are justified. Increasing doubt over the ability to recognize pollution-induced changes in areas before acute impact occurs, nd present gaps in understanding of assimilative capacity of an environment and threshold of impact demand that every attempt be made to assess chronic impact over long time periods. Specific concerns over the East Coast Interceptor diversion project include deposition and accumulation in sediments as well as bioaccumulation and induction of stress on biota of sewage contaminants such as heavy metals, chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organic compounds. Synergism of impact between Macauley Point and Clover Point outfalls remains a potential problem due to increased discharge at the latter.

The subject of this document is the management of liquid wastes and in particular, sewage treatment.

This document summarizes Provincial Waste Management Planning Guidelines and explains that the Waste Management Advisory Group (WMAG) was asked by the CRD Board to prepare Terms of Reference for a Liquid Waste Management Plan.

Draft Terms of Reference prepared by the WMAG and comments on them are contained in the report.

This document notes that there is strong support for the principle of sewage treatment and for proceeding expeditiously and recommends that:

1. Sewage treatment should be singled out for immediate study. Terms of Reference for Part A - Sewage Treatment of a Liquid Waste Management Plan are given in the report.
2. Work on other aspects of liquid waste management, namely Part B - Shoreline Pollutant Sources and Part C - Chemical Contaminants, should be incorporated into a Liquid Waste Management Plan together with the conclusions of Part A- Sewage Treatment.

The zonation and species diversity of intertidal organisms in both polluted and non-polluted regions were observed. An investigation of the literature indicated that little work had been done in this field. Many biologists have expressed doubt as to the applicability of the saprobic system to coastal waters. It was found that in polluted regions, not only was the typical zonation pattern interrupted, but also that the species diversity of macrofauna was reduced. The effects of some biological, chemical and physical parameters on intertidal organisms in polluted and non-polluted regions are discussed.

An initial survey, using species counts as a measure of diversity and algal community structure, and measurements of zonal elevations to determine the vertical distribution of intertidal dominants, indicated that the response of the intertidal macroalgal community to the presence of sewage effluent could be related to the volume and means of discharge as well as the rate of sewage field dilution and dissemination. The most obvious effects were observed at Macaulay Point where a shoreline outfall discharged a large volume of effluent into a receiving area subject to relatively reduced tidal currents. More subtle effects were observed at Clover Point where a smaller volume of effluent was discharged into waters subject to rapid tidal currents. No detectable effects were noted near the Finnerty Cove Outfall which discharged a small volume of effluent offshore, in an area subject to rapid tidal currents. Species characteristic of the lower intertidal and upper subtidal regions were most sensitive to the presence of sewage effluent.

An April, 1991 study was implemented to assess the seabed environmental impacts resulting from the discharge of societal wastes via the CRD Macaulay Point and Clover point outfalls. Conducted on a spatially limited scale, the study provides detailed information on sediment chemistry, contaminant bioaccumulation by resident bivalve species, and alterations in benthos community structure. As well as presenting an independent discussion of the results for each of these study components, this report also attempts to assess this information in a relational framework, thereby identifying associations between data collected within each of the components. Considered as a preliminary survey, the results of this study were also evaluated with respect to adequacy of study design, sampling approach, analytical methodology, and statistical rigour of the resulting information base. Recommendations for an enhanced environmental program are presented using the results of this study.

A summary of the study results, including major conclusions drawn from the data interpretation, is provided below.

• Triplicate sediment samples acquired at each of 6 Macaulay Point and 6 Clover Point stations, all located within 800 metres of the respective outfalls, were subsampled and composited for chemical analysis. A reference station positioned approximately 1,850 metres to the southwest of Macaulay Point was also sampled, although sample replicates were evaluated independently to assess environmental variability. Of the 100 parameters measured, a total of 41 demonstrated (in at least one of the samples) values which were greater than the analytical detection limits. In all of these cases, which included 16 metals and 20 organic compounds, the contaminant concentrations reported were below the Sediment Quality Criteria provisionally adopted by CRD (Washington State Department of Ecology - Marine Sediment Standards, Chemical Criteria).
• Triplicate samples acquired for the chemical analyses were also employed in an assessment of benthos commmunity structure. A rock/cobble substrate at Clover Point prohibited all but a qualitative examination of the biological communities present at this outfall site; no identifiable impacts were detected at these stations, with a dominant mussel community suggesting the area is influenced by strong tidal currents. A quantitative evaluation of the Macaulay Point stations reported the presence of a Capitella capitata species complex within 100 metres of the outfall; this group is typical of organically enriched sediment. A deficiency in any large animals within the samples across Macaulay Point and the southwest reference station, with a prevalence of juveniles and species with relatively short life cycles, suggested a low-level impact which may encompass a large area surrounding this outfall. Observational notes recorded during sample analysis indicated that all of these stations were impacted with a variety of debris (metal shavings, glass, etc.) which may be associated with historical ocean dumping practices within the area; the effects of such material will clearly confound an assignment of outfall-related impacts.
• Samples of resident bivalve species were collected at 2 Macaulay Point, 2 Clover Point stations as well as at the reference station located to the southwest of Macaulay Point. Slight increases in tissue levels at stations closest to the outfalls for some of the parameters could not be assessed quantitatively due to analytical constraints (sample size, replication) and thus the significance of such differences could not be ascertained. The lack of available specimens at Macaulay Point precludes the usefullness of this monitoing approach for future studies.
• An information appraisal was conducted for all aspects of this study. The examination assessed the quality of data by review of the sampling approach, analytical methods, precision and accuracy of parameter estimates, etc. The intent of this evaluation was to provide insight into the suitability of the data sets for future use (e.g., comparability) and to assist in designing a more rigorous sampling program for the CRD. In general, the data collected within this study are representative of the areas sampled (although this area should be expanded in future studies) and are internally consistent with respect to analytical precision and accuracy. The appraisal provided the basis for recommendations regarding future surveys of the CRD outfalls. Field variability in both the sediment chemical analyses, particularly for important parameters such as TOC, lead and acid volatile sulfides, and in the biological assessment have suggested that proper replication (3-5) of all field sampling components be incorporated into future studies. The presence of sediment debris, comparable benthos community structure with outfall stations, and higher and more variable levels of some chemical constituents requires that a new Reference Station be selected for future programs. Any future survey should select station locations in an attempt to provide a gradient of impact; stations should be included close to the outfall and must extend far enough away from the outfall so as to clearly identify changes in the sediment impacts. Station allocation should consider the localized current regime and thus the probable dispersion of waste materials discharged from the outfalls.

Determining the extent and environmental significance of potential sediment contamination requires a study which is integrative in its approach. As a preliminary step toward such a study, a sediment profile camera was used to rapidly assess the quality of the surface and subsurface habitat of the seafloor in the vicinity of two sewage outfalls (Macaulay and Clover Point outfalls) in the Capital Regional District (CRD). Sediment Profile Imaging (SPI) determined that in general, none of the stations investigated showed any signs of a negative impact resulting from sewage discharge.

The use of the sediment profile camera was first proposed by Rhoads and Cande (1971) as a means of collecting information on the character of the sediment-water interface (i.e., the boundary layer between the water column and sediments). Later, sediment profile cameras were used to assess the character of the sediment-water interface relative to the growth and livelihood of bottom dwelling (benthic) organisms. The sediment profile camera can gather real time information about the oxygen availability, substrate composition, and other surface and subsurface features. This information can be used to estimate habitat quality and the developmental stages and health of the community of benthic organisms which live upon and within the sediment. Diaz and Schaffner (1988a) were able to relate sediment geochemistry (e.g., thickness of the layer of oxygen containing sediments) to sediment grain size and biological activity using the sediment profile camera.

Sediment profile cameras have been used to evaluate a variety of potentially impacted benthic habitats in many regions. This technology has been applied to dredging and disposal operations, areas experiencing oxygen stress, and to the eamination of sediment quality and habitat conditions. The objective of this study was to provide as much information as possible about areas of potential impact in the vicinity of the sewage outfalls at Macaulay and Clover Points.

A series of 50 stations were surveyed in triplicate, on December 11 and 12, 1991 using the Benthos, Inc. sediment profile camera: 30 stations in the vicinity of Macaulay Point, 11 stations in the vicinity of Clover Point and 9 potential reference station locations. The information determined from the collected images includes the depth of the camera mount's penetration into the sediments, the thickness of the layer of sediment which contains life sustaining oxygen [the apparent colour redox potential discontinuity (RPD) layer], sediment grain size, surface features [e.g., epifaunal organisms (life dwelling upon the sediments), worm tubes, vegetation, bacterial mats, shells, mud clasts, bed forms, feeding pits and mounds, etc.], subsurface features [e.g., infaunal organisms (life dwelling within the sediments), burrowing, feeding voids, shell debris, etc.] and the developmental stage of the benthic community (i.e., successional stage).

Upon reviewing the resultant data, the general conditions of the benthic habitats were assessed. Three habitat types were identified:

1. Unconsolidated (soft) bottom that is reworked (contains evidence of active benthic organisms)
2. Unconsolidated (soft) bottom that is reworked with possible excess organic matter
3. Hard shell and rock bottom

Benthic habitats in the vicinity of the outfalls were dominated by features which had been produced by living organisms. Epifaunal species occurred over much of the exposed shell and rock substrate. The primary substrate at the sediment surface was shell. Unconsolidated sediments were composed primarily of fine sand and silt. An area around the Macaulay Point outfall appeared to have a higher sediment organic content, relative to areas further from the outfall. In addition, areas around Macaulay Point outfall appared to have shallower depths of oxygen penetration (thinner RPD layers); the substrate at Clover Point was too hard to evaluate subsurface sediments. Reference stations were located which possess comparable sediment characteristics to the two outfall areas investigated. Six stations to the west (in the vicinity of Parry and Pedder Bays) are similar in sediment characteristics to the Macaulay Point stations while three stations to the east (in the vicinity of the Trial Islands) are similar in sediment characteristics to the Clover Point stations.

For the purposes of allocating effort for quantitative data collection (e.g., assessment of benthic community, sediment chemistry, and sediment toxicity, etc.) representative stations from the three identified habitat types should be sampled. In addition, the areas that appear to be somewhat influenced by the sewage discharge (i.e., stations with shallower RPD depths, higher epifaunal biomass and excess organic matter) should be a focus in future studies.

The marine monitoring Advisory Group recommended in September 1990 that a model of ocean currents be developed, which can be used both to evaluate the ability of existing and proposed outfalls to meet water use criteria and to assist in the design of environmental impact assessments. The sea is used for recreational and commercial purposes and for the disposal of effluent from the region. Previous monitoring and study have focussed on water quality measurements and on the design of outfalls to maximize the initial dilutions of effluent. The water currents determine the subsequent movement of effluent, which usually takes the form of a plume (similar to that from an industrial smoke stack). It is now possible to draw maps of the likely plume destinations and associated effluent concentrations. This feasibility report examines the benefits, requirements and costs of making such predictions.

The effluent, composed largely of fresh water, is rapidly mixed with denser salty sea water in a nearly vertical rising plume before being swept along horizontally with the ocean currents. The currents in the Victoria region are fairly complex, typically oscillating once or twice per day. The currents have several causes, primarily

• the predictable motions of the sun and moon (astronomical tides)
• the generally predictable, seasonally varying estuarine drift (river outflow)
• the effects of weather systems, which are predictable only for short periods.

The currents vary in strength and direction from place to place and at different water depths. These variations, including the formation of eddies and other turbulent flows, are influenced by water depth, coastal configuration, wind, the sea bed roughness, and by the variation in water properties, principally those of density, salinity and temperature.

The astronomical component ofthe tidal currents is predictable at locations where sufficient observations have been made. By using numerical models of the region, predictions made at selected locations may be extended to cover large areas. This study discusses the factors which should be considered in designing a numerical model for the tidal flows and the potential applications of such a model.

Increasingly sophisticated numerical models may be formed that account for more and more of the oceanographic processes. The reliability and precision of the plume distribution predictions increases with the number of processes accurately modelled. Each additional process modelled usually increases the complexity of both the construction and use of the numerical model. However, no numerical model is able to resolve fully certain known processes. These unresolved processes may be treated by simple approximations or by a statistical analysis.

The principal requirement for management of the marine environment statistical description of the plume behaviour. This description obtained by simulation using a numerical model. The options under investigation will determine the number of simulations required to assess the impact of decisions. While the more sophisticated models account explicitly for more of the oceanographic processes, they also cost more to build, test and operate.

It is difficult to determine the additional costs and benefits associated with each increase in model complexity. All approaches must make some prediction of the tidal currents and allow simulation of the plume distribution. We recommend one of two options:

• a relatively straight forward two-dimensional model that assumes the water properties are uniform and that can predict only horizontal flows.
• a sophisticated three-dimensional model that includes vertical variation in water properties and that can predict horizontal and vertical flows.

The advantage of a two dimensional model lies in its relative simplicity. All aspects of the model reflect this: initial deign and construction, computer memory and time requirements for execution, data required for initialisation and validation, and display and comprehension of results. Some oceanographers feel that the two-dimensional model is inadequate to deal with this problem. There is general agreement that the three-dimensional model would satisfy requirements. Also, the three-dimensional model can more completely model known processes, thus better approximating reality. However, greater complexity increases cost.

We believe that a numerical model may be obtained, calibrated, tested and used to simulate regional effluent concentrations from the two existing major outfalls for costs of approximately

• $66,000 using a two-dimensional model, or
• $228,000-278,000 using a three-dimensional model.

A rating scheme incorporating Public Health and Environmental concerns related to the discharge of storm water to marine waters was developed. The objective was to include both health and environment as part of the decision-making process to determine which storm drains require detailed study or corrective measures. The rating scheme is not intended to provide a definitive assessment of environmental risk; this would require a far more intensive sampling program than is proposed in this report.

Six parameters - faecal coliforms, public use of shorelines, habitat sensitivity, contaminant concentration, flow and flushing characteristics - were rated on a three-point scale using criteria developed specifically for this purpose. Overall ratings, based on the sum of the individual parameters, allowed an assessment of the necessary action to be taken - no action; continued monitoring; or detailed study and corrective measures.

Data from eight sites within the CRD were used to test the usefulness of the rating scheme. The assessment illustrates that the scheme does differentiate between the different sampling sites. For example, Sample Site No. 6 (Ceceila Creek) rated High for both Public Health and Environmental Concerns and immediate study into possible mitigative measures would be recommended. Although none of the examples rated Low for both Public Health and Environmental Concerns, this is likely due to the small number of sites examined for contaminants; a more wide-ranging study would probably identify many discharges having Low levels of concern.

The Rating Scheme was applied to outlets in which the contaminants were analyzed in water samples. It is recommended that these outlets be assessed on the basis of contaminants in sediments within or at the mouth of he discharge.

It is anticipated that the utilization of this Rating Scheme will involve continual review and refinement as more data are gathered and assessed. It is recommended that a number of additional outfalls be selected for contaminant analysis with the purpose of further evaluation of the rating scheme.

Thirteen years of environmental impact assessment at sewage outfalls of the Victoria area have shown only minor impact including localised elevation of nutrients, and detectable levels of coliform bacteria and some toxins. A restricted sludge bed has been found at one outfall. There have been localised biological population changes. There is no evidence for a continuing trend to serious impact. Shoreline ecosystem recovery has occurred and bacterial levels reduced when outfalls have been extended. Main assessment procedures have been by bacterial (coliform) testing, although contaminant testing (for trace metals and persistent organic chemicals) has become informative in the past few years. The institutional framework for environmental impact assessment in the Victoria area is complex. It has been primarily a Regional District responsibility, interacting with federal, provincial and municipal authorities. CRD monitoring has been implemented by university scientific teams, a small in-house staff, and consultants. Monitoring was intensive 1970-1972 and 1978-1983, and is now reduced in intensity pending decisions on additions to the sewerage system.

Sediment samples were collected from beaches and subtidal waters around Victoria, British Columbia, as a means of charting marine sediments and thereby providing background data relevant to assessing the effects of oil pollution; and to fundamental research studies in operation in the Victoria area.

Through mechanical analysis it was found that the area was primarily fine to coarse grained sand. Where the sediment was poorly sorted at tidal levels, it generally became well sorted in the shallow offshore waters. In determining sediment composition by mechanical analysis and by coulter counter techniques, the latter recorded lower values of fine sediments in a given sample. These are thought to be more accurate than the hydrometer readings taken in the mechanical analysis.

In determining the effects of diesel oil and Bunker A, B and C oils on beaches, oil penetration increased with slick thickness in coarse sediments but only with the light oils in finer sediments. Penetration depth remained constant for the heavy oils in fine sand. Since fine sand tends to gather in areas protected from constant wave action, natural removal of oil-saturated sediments is unlikely. However, the coarser sediments found on exposed beaches are subjected to a strong wave action. In winter months these sediments tend to migrate offshore and hence any oil-saturated sediments might be replaced naturally by cleaner sands.

Although most sea outfalls perform their waste water disposal function properly, many have been found in disrepair, ranging from those functioning below specifications to those broken open and discharging weakly diluted effluent near the shore line. This Paper considers 35 separate causes of such problems, almost all documented with respect to specific outfalls. The causes are grouped together under eight headings: sea floor dynamics, flow forces, marine traffic, materials, effluent, construction-related, environmental, and human interference. The outfall engineer must be aware of all these potential risks to his facility as he is formulating his design.

The kinds of data gathered by the C.R.D.'s marine monitoring programs is surveyed and the knowledge gained from these efforts is reviewed. Appropriate statistical methods are given to analyze the large body of accumulated data. A new basis is developed for the C.R.D.'s monitoring programs which benefits from recent advances in knowledge and methods of assessment of the effects of municipal wastewater disposal at sea.

The organic constituents and sulfide vary considerably among the outfall regions surveyed. Regional differences are due in part to sediment texture, which is probably controlled by waves and currents. A discriminant analysis of regional differences produced a unique combination of parameters which sets Macaulay sediments apart from the other sediments. The way the discriminant function varies near the Macaulay outfall suggests that there is an association with the discharge.

Multivariate analysis of variance of individual regions found significant outfall effects at Macaulay but not at the other regions. Organic constituents are elevated by 50 - 100 percent within a distance of 300 metres from the Macaulay outfall diffuser. Acid volatile sulfide is elevated 20 times near the Macaulay diffuser and may show slight effects in other regions. The enrichments of organic constituents at Macaulay are not large compared to natural variations, but they are likely to be associated with specific changes in benthic infaunal communities. Compared to the known effects of municipal discharges on organic content of sediments around the world, the effects of the Macaulay discharge seem to be commensurate with its size.

Monitoring programmes have been conducted by the Capital Regional District, consultants and federal and provincial agencies to determine the impact of sewage discharges on the marine receiving environment. Levels of treatment of CRD sewage include screening only (at south coast outfalls), primary (at Maliview on Saltspring Island), and secondary (at other Gulf Island outfalls and Peninsula outfalls). The maximum permitted discharge from the outfalls ranges from 68.2 m3/d (at Magic Lake) to 150,000 m3/d (at Macaulay Point).

Parameters monitored have included coliform bacteria, nutrients, metals and organics in receiving waters, sediment and biota.

Coliform bacteria have been extensively monitored because of their usefulness for detection of sewage fields and because pollution standards are most frequently gauged in terms of coliforms. Coliform monitoring has been a component of programmes from pre1970 to the present.

Fecal coliform levels at most south and east coast stations have generally been below Waste Management Branch recreational water quality standards of 200 MPN/l00 ml. Where coliform levels have been elevated, shoreline sources have frequently been cited. A programme to investigate shoreline coliform sources was carried out between 1983 and 1987 over the shoreline from Macaulay Point to the northern Saanich Peninsula. Storm drains were identified as a significant source of contamination.

Coliform levels in sediment were examined at Macaulay Point, Clover Point and Finnerty Cove in 1971. Results at Clover Point indicated that the sewage field extended at least 700 m to the east and west of the outfall. Sediment coliforms were also measured in 1985 at east coast outfalls as part of a sludge disposal study, and are currently measured annually at Clover and Macaulay Points.

Coliform moitoring to determine if shellfish harvesting standards had been met was carried out at east coast (1979) and Saltspring Island (1977, 1982) stations. One third of the east coast stations exceeded shellfish harvesting criteria (14 MPN fecal coliforms/100 ml). The sewage outfalls and shoreline discharges were identified as sources of contamination, and existing shellfish harvesting closures in the vicinity of the outfalls remained in effect. Shellfish harvesting closures were also maintained in Saltspring Island waters, despite coliform levels being mainly within harvesting standards.

Nutrients have been analyzed in several programmes at south and east coast outfalls between 1970 and 1979. No significant increases in nutrients were found over the duration of any programme. On the other hand, phosphate and nitrite were found as indicators of the sewage plume, particularly at Macaulay and Clover Points when they discharged at the shoreline.

Metal concentrations in water, sediment and shellfish tissue have been examined. Findings have indicated above-background levels near south and east coast outfalls. Currently metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc) are monitored in sediment at Macaulay Point and Clover Point, and in effluent at Central Saanich.

Analyses of organic compounds in sediment have indicated elevated levels of total organic carbon at Macaulay Point. High concentrations of organic contaminants have also been found in sediment and shellfish at McMicking Point. The effects of most other outfalls on the surrounding sediment has been less significant. Chlorinated organics are presently monitored in Macaulay Point and Clover Point sediments, and in Central Saanich effluent.

Waters considered to have been most affected by sewage effluent are those which receive comminuted-only sewage in the somewhat confined channels off the coast of Vancouver Island, namely at McMicking Point and Finnerty Cove. As use of these utfalls will be eliminated when the East Coast Interceptor comes on-line (except for use as emergency bypasses), the quality of the receiving waters is expected to improve. Clover Point outfall, the terminus of the new trunk line, will be discharging approximately three times its present flow.

Ecosphere Consulting Limited proposes to assess the environmental and social impact of diverting sanitary sewage from Finnerty Cove and McMicking Point to Clover Point by means of the East Coast Interceptor Trunk Sewer.

The environmental impact assessment will involve a two-phase approach, monitoring pre-flow-increase and post-flow-increase conditions at the Clover Point outfall. The principle parameters to be measured in the assessment are: water quality for coliforms and chemical contaminants; effluent toxicity levels; sedimentation patterns and sedimint toxicity and coliforms; and plume tracking. One report will be submitted upon completion of pre-flow-increase monitoring and a final report encompassing both phases of the assessment will be submitted in March, 1987. The assessment will cost $ 320,246 for the essential program and $ 424,376 for the desirable program, and will require an estimated 2600 hours for the essential program and 3000 hours for the desirable program.

The social impact assessment will involve a five-phase approach: profiling, forecasting, assessment, evaluation, and mitigation. An extensive public involvement program will be undertaken. Two reports will be submitted prior to construction and an additional two following construction, with a final report to be submitted in November, 1985. The assessment will cost $l9,200 and will require an estimated 640 staff hours.

The combined cost of the environmental and social assessments including a 10% contingency fund, will be $ 373,391 for the essential program and $ 478,934 for the desirable program. The estimated staff time required for the essential program will be 3240 hours, and 3640 hours for the desirable program. The final report will be submitted by Mach, 1987.

In Victoria, British Columbia, Canada sewage is discharged to the marine environment after preliminary treatment by screening. In 1992, the CRD undertook related technical investigations including studies of the ocean sedirnents in the area of the two main outfalls. The results of these investigations, together with information concerning other aspects of liquid waste management, were then described as part of a public involvement program which culminated in a referendum held in November 1992. The referendum invited the public to choose from three options for Iand-based sewage treatment. All three options included programs such as source control, that offered clear environmental benefits. The majority of voters (56%) decided in favour of the option which includes continuation of the existing level of sewage treatment. This paper describes the process followed, and shows how good science, effective communication and public involvement can aid a rational approach to decision-making about marine environmental management and wastewater treatment utilizing submarine outfalls. It also highlights some important points concerning development of community and environmental priorities, identiification of stakeholders, public involvement, and the role of independent scientific assessment.

The Capital Regional District is presently undertaking a regional source control program to reduce the amount of chemicals that are discharged into the marine environment through sewer outfalls. The initial emphasis of the program has focused on the main industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) groups in the CRD core municipalities of Victoria, Oak Bay, Esquimalt, View Royal and Saanich. The present study was undertaken to gather baseline data on constituent chemical concentrations from key ICI groups and representative residential wastewater in order to priorize target groups and contaminant types.

The intent of the study was not to cover all ICI groups but rather those identified in the B.H. Levelton and Associates report (1990). Consequently, this study has identified some ICI groups not surveyed which can be targeted in future studies. Commercial laundry operations, large hotels, transportation operations and a variety of manufacturers were not included in the study. The study indicates that there are prime opportunities to reduce contaminant loadings to the collection system by focusing source control efforts at specific ICI sectors and individual facilities such as the hospitals and health facilities, DND Esquimalt, Automotive radiator repair shops, photoprocessors and metal finishing plants.

The daily and annual loadings of each constituent parameter analyzed is provided for each facility surveyed and for Macaulay Point and Clover Point outfalls. In general, the characteristics of priority pollutants and conventional constituents in the CRD sewage collection system is similar to the wastewater material found in some areas of the GVRD. In particular, the Lulu Island Sewage Area, which collects sewage wastewater from an ICI infrastructure similar to the CRD, has similar wastewater quality characteristics and annual loadings (as determined y this study) to those found for Clover and Macaulay Point outfalls.

There are several facilities which are discharging wastewater which exceeds existing CRD, GVRD and Environment Ontario standards for specific parameters. The most common excedances are for conventional sewage constituents such as suspended solids, oil and grease or BOD5. Besides these, the most important priority pollutants include ammonia, heavy metals and volatile halogenated organic solvents.

The specific facilities which contribute excessive amounts of conventional constituents include CFB Esquimalt (Lang Cove), hospitals and health centres, automotive general repair facilities, photoprocessors, laboratories, restaurants and residential areas. The specific facilities which contribute priority pollutants include CFB Esquimalt, hospitals, large health care centre, automotive radiator repair facilities, photoprocessors and the metal finishing industry.

It is recommended that further sampling and analysis be carried out to support and enlarge the data-base for the ICI groups of concern. The scope of the analytical program (parameters, sampling frequency) can be selected to reflect the specific ICI group and the preliminary data generated in this study.

The study indicates that the quality of the discharges from the outfalls could be improved by a source control program designed to reduce the amount of contaminants being discharged into the sewage collection system.

This report reviews the marine monitoring data collected by the Capital Regional District during the period of 1973 to 1979 along the south and east coasts of Saanich Peninsula. The monitoring program was based on an extension of the 1970 to 1972 Macaulay Outfall Pre and Post Discharge Monitoring Program and involved 38 shoreline and 33 offshore sampling stations. Water quality parameters analyzed during the program included; nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, temperature, salinity, secchi depth, forel colour, u.v. absorbance, chloryphyll-a and total and fecal coliforms.

The methodology used in reviewing the monitoring data involved the following:

1. Presentation of the original data by site, year and month (Volume III-Raw Data).
2. Presentation of means tables by site and year (Volume II-Means Tables-Section 1.0).
3. Presentation of means tables by site and month, pooling over years (Volume II-Means Tables-Section 2.0).
4. Presentation of approximate upper and lower 95% mean boundaries (Volume II-Means Tables)
5. Presentation of graphs of monthly means for pooled stations over time. (Volume I-Figures 3 to 20 and Volume IV-Anovas).

There is no evidence of nutrient enrichment at any of the stations monitored during the 1973 to 1979 monitoring period and nutrient enrichment is not expected to be a problem associated with either the south or east coast outfalls. With the exception of stations located over outfall or bypass termini, fluctuations in water quality parameters at offshore stations are the result of general oceanographic conditions in Haro Strait and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient or physical oceanographic related parameters for offshore stations within either east or south coast regions, there is a significant difference between the regions hich is due to chemical and physical oceanographic differences unrelated to the outfalls.

There is no indication of a build-up in coliform concentrations within the water column along either the south or east coast monitoring regions for the period of 1973 to 1979. In general, offshore station annual median coliform concentrations are well below the total and fecal coliform swimming criteria of 1000 and 200 coliforms per 100 ml, respectively.

Total and fecal coliforms are the only water quality parameters monitored during the 1973 and 1979 period which demonstrated an outfall related effect upon the offshore sampling stations. The offshore coliform distribution followed a general pattern of decreasing concentration with increasing distance from the outfall. No other water quality parameter demonstrated a relationship with outfall proximity.

Evidence exists to indicate that shoreline stations may be influenced by shoreline or nearshore coliform sources, especially in the vicinities of Macaulay Point, Clover Point and Sidney. The shoreline stations exhibited sporadic high coliform concentrations which were not noted at the offshore stations.

It is recommended that the monitoring of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, secci depth, forel colour, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a and u.v. absorbance as undertaken during the 1973 to 1979 Monitoring Program be discontinued. A program of sampling a select number of stations for total nitrogen and phosphorus once every five years should be implemented to monitor any long-term nutrient changes which may develop.

The routine monitoring of total and fecal coliform concentrations along the shoreline in the vicinity of each outfall should be continued. Routine offshore coliform monitoring should be discontinued and a program of outfall performance checks on individual outfalls be substituted. Once outfall performance checks have been completed and shoreline sources have been identified and quantified, it is expected that only routine shoreline coliform monitorng will be required.

The Engineering Department of the Capital Regional District undertook a study of the problem of litter of sewage origin on area beaches during July and August of 1984. This survey was initiated in response to concerns of members of the public about the condition of the beaches. As the Regional District is responsible for the operation of all major sewage outfalls within the Region, the Department also wished to determine whether these outfalls were significant contributors to the sewage litter problem.

The objectives of the study were as follows:

1. Define the problem - Evaluate the quality of area beaches with respect to deposits of sewage litter and determine the rate at which litter of sewage origin is deposited on the beaches.
2. Determine whether the Clover Point and Macaulay Point outfalls are significant contributors of sewage litter.
3. Assess the suitability of screening devices in use at the major outfalls for litter removal.

The study area encompassed the coastline between Albert Head and the Oak Bay/Saanich municipal boundary. However most of the effort was expended on the exposed coastline within the study area; very little effort was expended within Esquimalt Harbour, Victoria Harbour and the Gorge waters.

The extent of the sewage litter problem was addressed quantitatively and qualitatively. In an attempt to determine rate of deposition, specific sampling sites were selected. These were cleaned initially and visited subsequently on nine occasions to determine the extent of additional deposition of litter. Attempts to quantify rate of litter deposition were largely unsuccessful.

A more subjective view of overall beach quality was obtained from observations of the entire exposed shoreline within the study area on a number of occasions, supplemented by information obtained during the quantitative measurements.

An attempt was made to detrmine whether the major outfalls at Macaulay Point and Clover Point are significant contributors to the shoreline litter problem by conducting a "litter discharge simulation" study. Short pieces of polyethylene tubing were released above the terminus of each outfall during high slack and low slack tide conditions. During this portion of the study, the entire shoreline within the study area, except Victoria Harbour, Esquimalt Harbour and the Gorge waterway, was visited frequently and the "litter" was retrieved. Quantities and locations of deposition were recorded.

The report includes a short assessment on suitability of screening devices in use at major outfalls for litter removal.

As a result of this study, it was concluded that deposition of litter of sewage origin on area beaches during the summer months is a significant problem. Assessment of the severity of the problem is subjective and will vary from person to person, however project staff concluded that the problem is sufficiently serious in some areas to significantly impair the enjoyment of beaches by the public.

It was concluded that the type of sewage litter which is found on the beaches consists of items which float, do not readily disintegrate, and are not biodegradable. Four items are found in abundance. In order of frequency of occurrence, from most to least, these are plasticized strips from sanitary napkins, polyethylene tampon inserters, prophylactics, and plasticized tampon packaging. The occurrence of paper products, fecal matter, and other items which sink, disintegrate, or are biodegradable is extremely low.

The nature of beach conditions was determined to have an effect on the incidence of sewage litter deposits. It was observed that litter is generally deposited at the high tide line. Therefore, more sewage litter was found on relatively flat sandy and gravelly beaches than in areas of bedrock outcrops which tend to be relatively steep. Similarly, sand and gravel beaches with seawalls constructed seaward of the high tide line tnd to be relatively clean.

Wind direction appears to have a significant bearing on the locations at which litter is found. In general, more litter of sewage origin was found at the east end of bays along the south coast than at the west end of these bays. Similarly, the entire stretch of beach between Albert Head and Esquimalt Lagoon, to the west of the study area, except in the immediate vicinity of the Belmont Park outfall, was relatively clean in comparison to the south coast beaches. Prevailing winds during the months of July and August were almost totally from the southwest and tended to push litter in a northeasterly direction. The results obtained for 1984 are expected to be typical of summer conditions.

Results of the litter discharge simulation experiments indicate that a significant proportion of sewage litter discharged from the Macaulay Point and Clover Point outfalls finds its way onto area beaches. Of 1,200 short pieces of polyethylene tubing released on August 1, August 9 and August 13, 1984, 151 or 12.6% were retrieved within the study area prior to the end of August. It is believed that the bulk of the remainder were carried out to sea or deposited on beaches outside the study area as the rate of retrieval of the "plugs" reached near zero within two weeks of discharge. No attempt was made to determine the fate of the remainder of the plugs.

The litter discharge simulation experiments indicate that wind speed and direction are a more important factors than tide in determining whether sewage litter discharged from the Macaulay Point and Clover Point outfalls reaches beaches within the study area. Significantly greater numbers of the polyethylene "plugs" were retrieved from the beaches when wind speed was above average on the day of release, and on immediately subsequent days, than when wind speeds were below average. The number of "plugs" found appeared to be independent of tidal conditions at the time of release.

The litter discharge simulation experiments indicate that sewage litter whch reaches the shoreline from the Macaulay Point and Clover Point outfalls is mainly deposited on the Victoria south shore between Ogden Point and Harling Point, and to a lesser extent on the Esquimalt shoreline, for summer conditions.

A survey of screening devices in use at the major outfalls concluded that none of the devices in use at Macaulay Point, Clover Point, or McMicking Point are particularly effective for removal or disintegration of the items in sewage which contribute to the shoreline litter problem.

Four options for reduction or removal of shoreline deposits of sewage litter are discussed. It is concluded that there are three low cost, viable options including applying pressure on the manufacturers of personal hygiene products to use materials which disintegrate, public education to discourage the use of the communal sewerage system to dispose of non-biodegradable waste products, and manual cleanup of beaches. The fourth option, installation of fine screens at outfalls, was judged to be too expensive.

The report recommends implementation of the three low cost options.

The subject of this report is the proposed 1982 marine monitoring program for the Capital Regional District in Victoria, BC

The purpose of the report is to present details of the proposed program and explain the reasons, background and methods of undertaking the various elements. Budgets for the work are also presented.

The work was authorized by Mr. N. Howard at a meeting on November 30, 1981 at the Capital Regional District Offices and is intended to provide backup details for the 1982 Regional operating budgets.

The initial baseline monitoring previously recommended should start in July and consist of a series of tests on coliform bacteria, sewage contaminants, existing oyster pathology, and shoreline biological condition. A budget of $23,400 is requested. Results should be reported in September 1980 with recommendations for further baseline testing to be continued until the new outfall is operational.

The Capital Regional District developed a Waste Management Plan with public involvement during 1986 and 1987. The Plan provided for continuation of landfilling at the Haftland landfill by enlarging the landfill into an area which included Heal Lake. The Plan also provided for recycling and for composting recovery programs. The Plan was approved by the Minister of the Environment under the Waste Management Act.

As the Regional District proceeded with implementation of the Plan public interest focused on the draining of Heal Lake. Although this issue had been discussed in the public involvement process during the preparation of the Plan, the Regional Board received many submissions to do with Heal Lake and other matters to do with the Waste Management Plan. Accordingly, the Board determined that the Waste Management Plan should be reviewed.

The review was established to review all aspects of the Waste Management Plan with specific explanation of the need for a landfill, alternatives to landfilling and landfill sites. The Regional Board directed that the review be in the nature of an inquiry with public hearings, submissions received in public and open houses.

This report sets out the procedures of the review along with issues and concerns identified in consultation with the public. Conclusions and recommendations to do with the matters reviewed are included.

Submissions were received both orally and in writing. From these submissions, discussions with members of the public and examination of various technical material to do with solid waste and the CRD Waste Management Plan, fifteen issues and concerns were identified. These are:

A model to predict the runoff of suspended solids from an urban storm water catchment has been developed as an extension of the water quantity model which forms the basis of a new design and simulation method. The suspended solids model assumes separate daily deposition rates on paved and roof surfaces and a constant input per rainfall event. Time-dependent erosion, transport and runoff of material in suspension on each surface are rnodelled to give the input to the sewer system in which the material is transported to the outfall. The model is applied to observed events on a catchment at Stevenage and results indicate that the model provides a realistic description of runoff.

Three major kelp areas exist near sites where wastes are discharged into the sea. The Pt. Loma beds, 10 or more miles from the discharge of the City of San Diego into San Diego Bay, the Palos Verdes beds which surround the outfall system of the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts at Whites Pt., and the Santa Barbara bed which is immediately adjacent to the outfall of the City of Santa Barbara. The Pt. Loma and Palos Verdes beds have deteriorated badly since 1945, historical data indicating that those regions nearest the sources of waste were affected first and deterioration proceeded in either direction away from the regions nearest to the discharge. At Pt. Loma an additional complication may have been introduced by dredging in Mission Bay near the northern edge of the beds. The Santa Barbara bed, however, has remained in a good condition if allowance is made for the increase of other activities in the nearby harbor which may have contributed to kelp losses in the immediate vicinity.

Areas of investigation for possible harmful effects of discharged wastes on kelp included toxicity, sedimentation, turbidity grazing and disease. Toxicity thresholds were determined for six metallic ions (Hg, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, in order of decreasing toxicity) dilution of seawater with fresh water, many organics (toluene, benzene, n-hexane, phenol, ortho meta and para cresol, the detergents Santobrite, Zephiran choride, SDS, and ABS), and a variety of complex mixtures (diesel oil, boiler fuel, chlorinated and unchlorinated San Diego sewage, sewage from Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts treatment plants, General Petroleum oil refinery wastes, and samples taken in Dominguez Channel near San Pedro). Insufficient toxicity was found to account for the widespread losses which have occurred. No evidence for toxicity effects was observed from transplantation experiments an field observations. San Diego sewage actually stimulated photosynthesis when diluted 100 to 1 with seawater in the laboratory. Sedimentation and disease were not observed to be significant factors in beds which were dwindling at Pt. Loma and Palos Verdes during the course of the study.

Turbidity proved to be such a complex question that effects of outfalls in changing water clarity in the kelp environment have not been resolved. Amount and character of plant distribution on the sea floor indicated that turbidity may be a significant factor. Grazing was definitely established as important in the destruction of vegetation at Pt. Loma and Palos Verdes in particular the activities of two sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus) appear to be extremely devastating. These animals can be starved to death in the laboratory in a few months but dense populations have persisted at Pt. Loma and Palos Verdes duriug the five years of the investigation, even in areas virtually devoid of vegetation. The environment has apparently altered in a way that favors survival of these two species. The explanation for the persistence of the Santa Barbara kelp bed foIlows from the grazing studies because this bed is locate on a sedimentary bottom while these urchins are rocky substrate dwellers and are rare in the Santa Barbara bed.

When all the urchins were destroyed in a restricted area at Abalone Cove, Palos Verdes, vegetation including the giant kelp quickly returned but was eventually grazed away by other urchins migrating into the cleared area. A favorable method for treating large areas to control urchins appears to be the use of lumps of quicklime (calcium oxide) as a fairly specific poison for echinoderms.